Turkey: Ankara slammed over sacking of mayors

August 31, 2019

Istanbul’s mayor on Saturday hit out at the Turkish government’s ouster of three pro-Kurdish municipality chiefs during a visit to the city of Diyarbakir.

Ekrem Imamoglu of the main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP), who won in the June rerun of the Istanbul vote, called Ankara’s move an act of “carelessness.”

Imamoglu’s visit was the latest sign of warming relations between the CHP and the pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP).

The mayors of the eastern cities of Diyarbakir, Mardin and Van — all HDP members elected in March — were sacked on Aug. 19 over suspected links to Kurdish militants.

…

The Istanbul mayor also paid tribute to Tahir Elci, head of the bar association in Diyarbakir and a campaigner for Kurdish rights, during a visit to his grave.

Elci was shot dead during clashes between Kurdish militants and police officers in 2015.

Last May, the CHP’s presidential candidate Muharrem Ince visited the imprisoned ex-HDP chief Selahattin Demirtas ahead of presidential elections in June 2018.

https://www.arabnews.com/node/1547906/middle-east

https://ahvalnews.com/ekrem-imamoglu/imamoglu-visits-ousted-kurdish-mayors-turkeys-southeast-show-solidarity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_El%C3%A7i

https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2019/09/01/diyarbakirdan-ekrem-imamoglu-gecti/ (TURKCE)

http://siyasihaber4.org/e/eski-diyarbakir-barosu-baskani-tahir-elci (TURKCE)

http://bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/212478-turkan-elci-den-ekrem-imamoglu-mesaji?bia_source=rss (TURKCE)

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_El%C3%A7i (FRANCAIS)

Cameroon: VIOL DU DROIT DE LA DÉFENSE AU CAMEROUN: LES AVOCATS ANNONCENT UNE GRANDE GRÈVE DE CINQ JOURS :: CAMEROON

le 1er septembre, 2019

Les avocats au barreau du Cameroun, réunis hier à Yaoundé, annoncent une grève de 5 jours sur toute l’étendue du territoire du Cameroun.

Du 16 au 20 septembre 2019, ces avocats comptent dénoncer les entraves à l’exercice de leur profession et aussi, condamner les atteintes physiques contre eux.

Plusieurs manquements de l’appareil judiciaire du Cameroun sont évoqués dans ce communiqué à l’instar des auditions des débats dans les langues autres que celles des personnes poursuivies, la comparution nue des détenus en audiences publiques, le maintien abusif en détention de certaines personnes malgré les décisions de mise en liberté etc.

La liste des griefs ne s’arrête pas là.

Il y a également la récurrence des violences physiques sur les avocats par les éléments de la police et de l’armée,  le refus de leur faire accéder dans les lieux de détention de leurs clients.

Ces hommes en robes noires comptent donc du 16 au 20 septembre 2019 sur toute l’étendue du territoire Camerounais attirer l’attention de la communauté nationale et internationale sur ces manquements divers au niveau de l’appareil judiciaire et administratif du Cameroun.

Des manquements qui constituent des entraves graves à l’exercice de leur profession

A l’expiration de cette période, d’autres mesures pourraient être prises s’il y a lieu, pouvons nous lire dans leur communiqué rendu public le 31 août 2019, signé par le bâtonnier Tchakoute Patie Charles et 12 avocats membres du conseil de l’ordre .

https://www.camer.be/76568/11:1/cameroon-viol-du-droit-de-la-defense-au-cameroun-les-avocats-annoncent-une-grande-greve-de-cinq-jours.html

https://chateaunews.com/fr/2019/09/01/les-avocats-au-barreau-du-cameroun-annonce-une-greve/

https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Une-gr-ve-de-5-jours-annonc-s-par-les-avocats-au-Cameroun-470866#

Mouvement d’humeur : les avocats camerounais annoncent une grève de 5 jours

https://www.journalducameroun.com/cameroun-greve-des-avocats-contre-le-viol-du-droit-de-la-defense/

http://apanews.net/news/les-avocats-camerounais-entrent-en-greve-le-16-septembre-officiel

http://www.doganpresse.com/articles-detail?article-no=4576&nf=Les+avocats+camerounais+entrent+en+gr%C3%A8ve+le+16+septembre&fbclid=IwAR33GhejzcbPR2WN_0w7Qa1P-EreSIJNPFNFuxLAIA2ZfJxSSIBPDS8GK8Y#.XW146cDgihk.facebook

https://www.lebledparle.com/actu/politique/1109134-cameroun-jean-michel-nintcheu-soutient-la-greve-annoncee-des-avocats-du-barreau-national

https://www.lebledparle.com/actu/politique/1109129-cameroun-la-societe-civile-et-certains-partis-politiques-annoncent-leur-soutien-pour-la-greve-du-barreau-national

https://barreaucameroun.org/site/

https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-lawyers-to-go-on-strike-on-september-16/ (ENGLISH)

https://www.dailynewscameroon.com/cameroon-lawyers-to-go-on-strike-on-september-16/ (ENGLISH)

https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-book-recounting-anglophone-lawyers-teachers-strike-to-be-launched-tomorrow/ (ENGLISH)

Journal du Cameroun – Cameroun : grève d’ampleur des avocats contre le viol du droit de la défense https://t.co/y2Ao91F5OV pic.twitter.com/pwVCOeT0UG

— Afropages (@Afropages) September 1, 2019

Grève des Avocats 🇨🇲

Opération #TRIBUNALMORT pour les avocats du Cameroun, du 16 au 20 septembre 2019. Résolution prise du conseil de l'Orde, signée le 31 août, du bâtonnier Me Tchakouté et 12 autres. Suspension de toutes leurs activités professionnelles, dans tout le pays. pic.twitter.com/CrRxo2Zp5G

— M. L'INVESTIGATEUR 🔎 (@OkaliaMidrel) September 1, 2019

Cameroonian Lawyers To Go On Strike.
The Cameroon Bar Council has organised a five-day nationwide strike action, to protest the poor treatment of lawyers by state authorities. https://t.co/th7lp73wbB pic.twitter.com/lcCRKUGKW7

— TWIF NEWS (@TWIFNEWS) September 1, 2019

🇨🇲 Les avocats stagiaires en grève au #Cameroun, manifestation devant le Palais de justice de Yaoundé

Retrouvez toute l'info sur https://t.co/6ba6aR7R4a pic.twitter.com/95pqc8Rytx

— Le journal Afrique TV5MONDE (@JTAtv5monde) May 18, 2018

#Cameroun : Les Avocats des Régions du Sud-ouest et du Nord-Ouest en service dès le 02 mai 2017: En grève… https://t.co/ZSsDZ1N62u #Team237 pic.twitter.com/MKkDiC5Q8j

— Cameroun (@237online) April 10, 2017

India: Fabricated charges brought against Rights Lawyer Bilal Kagzi

September 1, 2019

Bilal Kagzi is a human rights lawyer in Gujarat who represents victims of police atrocities and custodial torture in Surat district.  He filed five cases against Kosamba Police Station sub-inspector P.H. Nai and police constable Nilesh Bhojawala.  The state human rights commission and the competent police authority took cognizance of these matters, but recently the police took moves to silence him.  They registered a false and fabricated case against Kagzi, but he was not present at the place and time of the incident.  Kagzi has video evidence to support his alibi and he presented such evidence to the investigating officer, but the police neither considered it nor registered it as part of the evidence.

#Gujarat Model # Gujarat police

Kosamba police did their job, to implicated my name in f.i.r,
Now, investigation transferred to crime branch to use their immunity to do illegal and unconditional way of investigation.

— Bilal Kagzi (@bilalkagzi) August 15, 2019

http://www.mediavigil.com/news/human-rights-lawyer-files-petition-seeking-investigation-in-fir-against-him/ (HINDI)

http://hindi.thecriticalmirror.com/news/national/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95/2019/09/02/ (HINDI)

FIR (TRANSLATION OF FIR)

Petition – Bilal Kagzi (MANDAMUS PETITION BEFORE GUJARAT HIGH COURT)

display_pdf.php (ANTICIPATORY BAIL APPLICATION ORDER)

India: Threatened rights lawyer Bilal Kagzi files petition before Chief Justice

https://scroll.in/article/814012/why-the-10-year-wait-for-a-verdict-was-the-lesser-travesty-in-a-terror-case

http://twocircles.net/2012mar07/gujarat_police_beat_lawyer_bilal_kagzi_detain_him_5_hours.html

 

 

UK/Albania: British lawyer for Albanian gangsters is shot three times in the head in execution-style killing after losing a string of high-profile mob cases

September 1, 2019

A British lawyer who represented Albanian gangsters has been gunned down, provoking fears he was executed after losing several high- profile criminal cases.

Ravik Gurra, 50, was shot three times in the head by a hitman armed with a pistol fitted with a silencer as he sat outside a cafe with friends in the Albanian city of Elbasan.

The murder sent shockwaves through the leafy Hertfordshire town of Harpenden where Mr Gurra lived with his wife, Nina, and two teenage daughters.

Mr Gurra, who is understood to have previously worked as a Home Office interpreter, had represented several Albanian gangsters, including members of the Capja crime family, but had lost a number of cases.

In November he represented Emiljano Shullazi, who was found guilty of extortion and running a criminal organisation and sentenced to 14 years. There is no evidence Shullazi was involved in, or knew of, the attack on Mr Gurra.

An Albanian lawyer, who asked not to be named, told The Mail on Sunday: ‘The assassination of Ravik Gurra has made all criminal barristers take notice. We are not safe to represent the mafioso.

‘The criminal gangs operate across all borders. If they kill lawyers in Albania because they lose a case, they could kill them in places like Germany and England too.’

The murder took place in March but has only now been revealed. A stolen getaway car was later found burnt out but no arrests have since been made.

…

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7415279/British-lawyer-Albanian-gangsters-shot-three-times-head-losing-string-cases.html

https://heraldpublicist.com/british-lawyer-for-albanian-gangsters-is-shot-three-times-in-the-head-after-losing-string-of-cases/

https://www.albaniandailynews.com/index.php?idm=29598&mod=2

https://www.albaniandailynews.com/index.php?idm=29520&mod=2

India/Jammu & Kashmir: Kashmiri Lawyer, Who Encouraged People to Vote, Detained to Prevent Protests

August 31, 2019

A former president of the Kashmir High Court Bar Association (KHCBA) was detained under the Public Safety Act after the revocation of Article 370 because, among other things, he had the ability to convince people to vote even during poll boycotts, documents accessed by The Wireshow.

After the government of India revoked the special status afforded to Jammu and Kashmir, security agencies launched a massive crackdown to arrest politicians, businessmen, lawyers and young Kashmiris fearing they could initiate mass protests.

Among those arrested was former KHCBA president Nazir Ahmed Ronga. According to a lawyer who is part of the association, Ronga was arrested on August 4, a day before the Government of India changed the constitutional relationship of Jammu and Kashmir with the Union of India.

Ronga was booked under the controversial Public Safety Act (PSA) under which a person can be jailed for six months without a trial. One of the charges levelled against Ronga, in the PSA dossier accessed by The Wire, talks about his potential to mobilise people to participate in voting even when a boycott was called.

“Your capacity can be gauged from this fact that you were able to convince your electorate to come out and vote in huge numbers during poll boycotts,” reads the dossier.

The lawyer, who wished not to be named, in a caustic comment, said, “Even persuading people to vote and participate in democracy is a crime in Kashmir nowadays.”

The mass arrests in Kashmir have left even lawyers petrified. Hardly any member of the bar turns up in the courts and those who do prefer not to speak on the arrest of lawyers.

…

https://thewire.in/government/nazir-ahmed-ronga-lawyer-detained-kashmir-crackdown

https://arynews.tv/en/4500-arrested-occupied-kashmir/

https://www.postguam.com/the_globe/philippines_asia/all-of-kashmir-is-a-jail-now/article_c15448a2-caee-11e9-933c-738c7805791a.html

https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/519528-mass-arrests-pellet-injuries-as-clampdown-continues-in-kashmir

https://nation.com.pk/31-Aug-2019/standing-for-kashmir

https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/among-the-3000-detained-by-indian-authorities-in-kashmir-children/2019/08/29/1616b5c0-c91c-11e9-9615-8f1a32962e04_story.html

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/27/kashmir-families-torn-apart-mass-arrests-continue-india

https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kashmir-midnight-knocks-and-arrests/cid/1699843

https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2019/08/31/mainstream-party-workers–facing-arrests-in-kashmir

https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/507422-Humanitarian-crisis-in-Kashmir-India-continues-oppression-on-27th-day

https://arynews.tv/en/27th-day-of-tyrannical-curfew/

Rule of the ‘Lawless Law’: Detentions under Public Safety Act in Kashmir
In 65 cases out of the 100 examined, detainees were in illegal custody of police prior to PSA order being passed, ie, they were in custody of police without being formally arrested https://t.co/Pe9WiqKGX3

— Irreverent Lawyer (@rebelawyer) August 26, 2019

https://twitter.com/FriedrichPieter/status/1165948085320724480

Pakistan/Canada/Day of the Endangered Lawyer: Asia Bibi pleads for justice for victims of Pakistan’s harsh blasphemy laws as she plans to settle in Europe

August 31, 2019

As Asia Bibi sits free at last in a secret location in Canada, the Pakistani Christian woman who spent years on death row after a false blasphemy charge thinks of those left behind still facing the same ordeal.

Nearly four months after the 54-year-old finally left Pakistan following a miscarriage of justice that caused worldwide outcry, she has the opportunity to rebuild a new life for her and her daughters.

Yet while she is enthusiastically grateful for the international efforts to free her, she says the world should know that Pakistan’s harsh blasphemy laws have left many others still behind bars.

In her first ever newspaper interview, she told The Sunday Telegraph she had at times fallen into…

…

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/31/asia-bibi-pleads-justice-victims-pakistans-harsh-blasphemy-laws/

https://windsorstar.com/news/canada/asia-bibi-pakistani-christian-given-shelter-in-canada-plans-to-move-to-europe/wcm/9540226f-3452-4112-95fe-2970bfcf9b6d

Asia Bibi Slams Blasphemy Laws in First Interview Since Release After Nearly a Decade on Death Row

https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2019/september/asia-bibi-slams-blasphemy-laws-in-first-interview-since-release-after-nearly-a-decade-on-death-row

Asia Bibi pleads for justice for victims of Pakistan’s harsh blasphemy laws

https://www.samaa.tv/news/2019/08/asia-bibi-calls-for-proper-investigation-into-blasphemy-cases/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Bibi_blasphemy_case

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy_in_Pakistan

https://eldh.eu/2019/07/25/day-of-the-endangered-lawyer-24-january-2020-pakistan/

Pakistan/Day of the Endangered Lawyer: January 24, 2020 PAKISTAN

Homepage

https://fr.aleteia.org/2019/08/29/zarish-persecutee-au-pakistan-a-cause-de-sa-foi-mais-precieuse-aux-yeux-de-dieu/ (FRANCAIS)

https://cip.nl/75243-asia-bibi-nog-steeds-veel-mensen-vast-vanwege-blasfemie (NEDERLANDS)

#DayoftheEndangeredLawyer

Saif Ul Malook, lawyer of Asia Bibi was granted asylum in the Netherlands in January. This was taken away when he asked to go back to Pakistan to finish the Asia Bibi case. #celebratingdissent @DeBalie pic.twitter.com/uPjRemUpZO

— Sophie Rutenfrans (@sophierutnfrns) August 31, 2019

Now Saif Ul Malook speaking. He is the brave lawyer of Asia Bibi. Panel on blasphemy & touching holy subject #CelebratingDissent

— Maryam Namazie مریم نمازی (@MaryamNamazie) August 31, 2019

With brave Saif -Ul- Malook, Asia Bibi's lawyer in Pakistan. He is defending other Christian victims in Pakistan. He is living in Pakistan. He did not go to the safe Western countries to live. pic.twitter.com/MK8i6JQTKb

— taslima nasreen (@taslimanasreen) August 30, 2019

Lawyer Saif-Ul-Malook will be interviewed by @YoeriAlbrecht during the last session of the Interview Marathon at 22:00. Watch it live: https://t.co/AHT2LrZjOx

— De Balie (@DeBalie) August 30, 2019

Saif ul Malook voormalig advocaat van #AsiaBibi verdedigt wederom een christen-vrouw Shagufta Kausar. Ze dreigt de doodstraf te krijgen. Zal binnenkort Saif weer ontmoeten in NL.

Pakistan/Pride of Pakistan Saiful Malook|Committee on Attacks on Lawyers https://t.co/4OWoWBGQv9

— Joël Voordewind (@JoelVoordewind) August 21, 2019

Watch: Geoffrey Robertson QC presents our Secularist of the Year award to Saif ul Malook. Saif was the lawyer who defended Asia Bibi, who was on death row for #blasphemy for 8 years in Pakistan https://t.co/xYsKDWhtlP

— National Secular Society (@NatSecSoc) August 4, 2019

Pakistan/UK/Day of the Endangered Lawyer: Baloch hold anti-Pakistan protest to demand release of disappeared activists

August 31, 2019

Baloch political activists on Friday gathered outside British Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s house at 10 Downing Street to seek his immediate intervention for the release of thousands of Baloch activists languishing in detention centres in Pakistan.

The protests were organised by Baloch National Movement (BNM) (UK-zone) on the occasion of the International Day of the Disappeared.

Demonstrators raised slogans against Pakistani Army for abducting, torturing and killing Baloch political activists. Shouts of Pakistani Army a “terrorist army” were heard during the protests.

“Baloch activists are facing the worst kind of brutality by the Pakistan forces. They are abducted, tortured, and killed. We are here today to let the world know what is happening with the Baloch people,” said BNM leader Hakeem Baloch.

The BNM submitted a memorandum to British PM, urging the UK government to halt any financial aid to Pakistan and pressurise the country for the safe release of Baloch people, who have been forcibly disappeared at the hands of the Pakistani Army.

The memorandum noted that more than 20,000 human rights campaigners, educationists, journalists, students, lawyers, and political activists have disappeared in Pakistan, while another 6,000 have been tortured/murdered in custody.

…

https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/baloch-hold-anti-pakistan-protest-to-demand-release-of-disappeared-activists-246763

https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/baloch-hold-anti-pakistan-protest-to-demand-release-of-disappeared-activists20190831082839/

https://eldh.eu/2019/07/25/day-of-the-endangered-lawyer-24-january-2020-pakistan/

Pakistan/Day of the Endangered Lawyer: January 24, 2020 PAKISTAN

Homepage

#DayoftheEndangeredLawyer

India: Advocates protest against Samba police for registering bogus cases

August 31, 2019

Advocates on Friday suspended their routine work and staged protest against Samba Police for registering wrong cases against them.
Protesting lawyers said that a cop Gafoor Ahmed misbehaved with lawyers some days back when he came to court with an accident accused and victim for hearing and bail. They further said that the aforesaid cop instead of asking lawyers to represent the bail plea started doing the job himself and later on being objected started abusing them.
They alleged that the aforesaid cop lodged a fake complaint with police against lawyers instead of admitting his mistake following which police lodged wrong cases against President and eight other lawyers. Lawyers demanded that the cases should be withdrawn and cop should be booked for his wrongdoing. “Samba Police instead of controlling crime in the district is harassing lawyers with wrong cases to hide its inefficiency,” lawyers said adding that in the past few days crime graph is going up in the district.
Thefts and other cases are being reported on daily basis in Samba district and police has miserably failed to solve many of them” they alleged.

http://news.statetimes.in/advocates-protest-against-samba-police-for-registering-bogus-cases/

Kathua Bar suspends work against action of Samba police

http://news.statetimes.in/samba-bar-to-continue-strike-against-police-highhandedness/

India: Gujarat: Congress MLA Kanti Parmar, lawyer attacked

August 31, 2019

The Congress MLA alleged that after fininshing court proceedings he along with his lawyer and others were on their way home when some 10 men attacked his car.

Congress MLA from Thasra, Kanti Parmar suffered injuries on Friday after being attacked here by unknown people while he was returning after attending court proceedings related to a land dispute case, police said.

“Parmar was here in connection with a court case related to a land deal. He was attacked while returning from the court, it seems the attack was carried out due to the animosity arising from the court case on the land deal,” said Deputy Superintendent of Police, GS Syan.

The Congress MLA alleged that after fininshing court proceedings he along with his lawyer and others were on their way home when some 10 men attacked the car in which they was travelling in.

Apart from the MLA, his lawyer and others were also injured in the attack.

“At around 11 we reached the court, after finishing the work there while we were about to return, Bharwad had sent his men to attack us. Almost 10 people launched an attack on us with swords and sticks, apart from me three other people were also injured in the attack,” Parmar said.

…

https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-congress-mla-kanti-parmar-lawyer-attacked-1593726-2019-08-31

https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/gujarat-congress-mla-kanti-parmar-lawyer-attacked-suffer-injuries/479760

https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/national/652858-gujarat-congress-mla-kanti-parmar-lawyer-attacked

https://www.newkerala.com/news/read/202958/gujarat-congress-mla-kanti-parmar-lawyer-attacked.html

USA: Safety is every lawyer’s issue

August 30, 2019

Trust your instincts.

That’s the advice of two Minnesota criminal defense attorneys who have endured the emotional pain caused by their client’s acts of violence—a courthouse shooting in Grand Marais in 2011 and a homicide in a St. Paul law office in 2016.

Lawyers must hone their intuition to be alert for dangerous clients and should not be afraid to act on their fears, say John Lillie and Daniel Adkins.  And if the worst happens lawyers must take care of themselves and each other, they say, speaking to colleagues at the Minnesota State Bar Association convention in June. Lillie told the group, “You’re not shortchanging your clients by taking care of yourself.”

“We hate that we’re experts on this and we hate to talk about it, but we do it every time we’re asked because you deserve it,” Adkins told the group. “You don’t know what you can lose. There is no bottom to the pain you can experience.”

A traumatic or tragic event can happen to any lawyer, Adkins said. “Your practice, your life is affected by what happened to me,” he said. “It’s prosecutors, it’s defenders, its family lawyers, its people doing civil transactions. You write a will and something goes awry, you’re wrong.”

Adkins recalled that in 2003 on the 17th floor of the A level in the Hennepin County Government Center, Susan Berkovitz, involved in a contested probate, murdered her cousin and tried to murder her cousin’s lawyer, Richard Hendrickson. The dispute was over her father’s estate, of which the victim was the conservator.  Hendrickson recovered and went on to assist other attorneys through Lawyers Concerned for Lawyers.

But the shooting taught us nothing, Adkins said. “Nothing’s changed.”

Learn how to be safe

Adkins refers to his law clerk, Chase Passauer, who was killed by client Ryan Petersen, as his hero. Adkins was in trial in Washington County when he got a text from his client, Petersen, who said he needed help right away. Actually, he got about 60 texts although he told Petersen he was in court and would get back to him. Turns out Petersen was under the influence of heroin, cocaine, human growth hormones and steroids, and in possession of a .40-caliber semiautomatic handgun. He went to Adkins’ office apparently intending to shoot him, but Adkins wasn’t there. Passauer was, and Petersen shot him eight times in the chest. Petersen was sentenced to life in prison without parole, leaving Passauer’s family and friends to grieve.

“You’ve got to learn how to be safe,” Adkins said. He has a lock on his door and a camera recording the scene, and said he does not meet with “drop in” clients. Originally he wanted an “open door” to his practice, but “that’s a luxury you simply can’t afford.”

…

Safety is every lawyer’s issue